The Great Ruby Shootout (December 2008)

The long awaited Ruby virtual machine shootout is here. In this report I’ve compared the performances of several Ruby implementations against a set of synthetic benchmarks. The implementations that I tested were Ruby 1.8 (aka MRI), Ruby 1.9 (aka Yarv), Ruby Enterprise Edition (aka REE), JRuby 1.1.6RC1, Rubinius, MagLev, MacRuby 0.3 and IronRuby.

Disclaimer

Just as with the previous shootout, before proceeding to the results, I urge you to consider the following important points:

  • Engine Yard sponsors this website, and also happens to sponsor, to a much greater extent, the Rubinius project. Needless to say, there is no bias in the reporting of the data below concerning Rubinius;
  • Don’t read too much into this and don’t draw any final conclusions. Each of these exciting projects has its own reason for being, as well as different pros and cons, which are not considered in this post. They each have a different level of maturity and completeness. Furthermore, not all of them have received the same level of optimization yet. Take this post for what it is: an interesting and fun comparison of Ruby implementations;
  • The results here may change entirely in a matter of months. There will be other future shootouts on this blog. If you wish, grab the feed and follow along;
  • The scope of the benchmarks is limited because they can’t test every single feature of each implementation nor include every possible program. They’re just a sensible set of micro-benchmarks which give us a general idea of where we are in terms of speed. They aren’t meant to be absolutely accurate when it comes to predicting real world performance;
  • Many people are interested in the kind of improvements that the tested VMs can bring to a Ruby on Rails deployment stack. Please do not assume that if VM A is three times faster than VM B, that Rails will serve three times the amount of requests per minute. It won’t. That said, a faster VM is good news and can definitely affect Rails applications positively in production;
  • These tests were run on the machines at my disposal, your mileage may vary. Please do test the VMs that interest you on your hardware and against programs you actually need/use;
  • In this article, I sometimes blur the distinction between “virtual machine” and “interpreter” by simply calling them “virtual machines” for the sake of simplicity;
  • Some of the benchmarks are more interesting for VM implementers than for end users. That said, if you think the benchmarks being tested are silly/inadequate/lame, feel free to contribute code to the Ruby Benchmark Suite and if accepted, they’ll make it into the next shootout;
  • Finally, keep in mind that there are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.

Ruby implementations being tested

All of the Ruby implementations that were able to run the current Ruby Benchmark Suite have been grouped together in one main shootout. This group consists of Ruby 1.8.7 (p72, built from source, and installed through apt-get), Ruby 1.9.1 (from trunk, p5000 revision 20560), Ruby Enterprise Edition (1.8.6-20081205), JRuby 1.1.6RC1 and Rubinius (from trunk), all of them were tested on Ubuntu 8.10 x64, plus Ruby 1.8.6 (p287. from the One-Click Installer) on Windows Vista Ultimate x64. The hardware used for this benchmark was my desktop workstation with an Intel Core 2 Quad Q6600 (2.4 GHz) CPU and 8 GB of RAM. JRuby was run with the -J-server option enabled and by specifying 4 Mb of stack (required to pass certain recursive benchmarks). The best times out of five iterations were reported, and these do not include startup times or the time required to parse and compile classes and method for the first time. Several of these new tests also have variable input sizes.

The MagLev team provided me with an early alpha version of MagLev for the purpose of testing it in this shootout. Since this VM is not mature enough yet to run the Ruby Benchmark Suite, I used custom scripts against an old version of the Ruby Benchmark Suite on Ubuntu 8.10 x64. MagLev was tested, along with Ruby 1.8.6 (p287), on the same machine as that of the main shotoout, though the benchmarks were different (even when they had the same names as the ones in the main shootout).

MacRuby 0.3 and Ruby 1.8.6 (p114) were tested on Mac OS X Leopard using the previous version of the Ruby Benchamrk Suite. Since my MacBook Pro died (sigh), for this benchmark I used a Mac Pro, with two Quad-Core Intel Xeon 2.8 Ghz processors and 18 GB of RAM.

IronRuby (from trunk) and Ruby 1.8.6 (p287) were tested on a previous version of the Ruby Benchmark Suite on Windows Vista x64 on the same quad-core used for the main shootout. The MagLev, MacRuby and IronRuby numbers reported here were the best times out of five iterations, and include startup time. IronRuby on Mono was not tested because I couldn’t get it to work on my machine, despite having tried several IronRuby versions and two different Mono versions. Please also notice that Ruby 1.8.6 (p287) was tested twice on Windows, once for the main shootout against the current Ruby Benchmark Suite, and a second time to compare it with IronRuby, against the old benchmarks.

Note: As tempting as it is, do not compare implementations that belong to different shootouts directly to one another. It would be very disingenuous to directly compare VMs tested with different benchmarks and/or different machines. The only comparisons that make sense are the ones within each of the four groups.

Main shootout

The following table shows the run times for the main implementations. The table is fairly wide, so you’ll have to click on the image to view the data in a new tab.

Main Shootout's times

Green, bold values indicate that the given virtual machine was faster than Ruby 1.8.7 on GNU/Linux (our baseline), whereas a yellow background indicates the absolute fastest implementation for a given benchmark. Values in red are slower than the baseline. Timeout indicates that the script didn’t terminate in a reasonable amount of time and was (automatically) interrupted. The values reported at the bottom are the total amounts of time (in seconds) that it would take to run the common subset of benchmarks which were successfully executed by every virtual machine. When our baseline VM generated an error, others were used, starting with Ruby 1.8.7 on Vista (for color coding purposes only).

The following image shows a bar chart of the total time requested for the common subset of successfully executed benchmarks (those whose names are in blue within the tables):

Total Time

More interestingly, the following table shows the ratios of each Ruby implementation based on the baseline (MRI):

Main Shootout's ratios

The baseline time is divided by the time at hand to obtain a number that tells us “how many times faster” an implementation is for a given benchmark. 2.0 means twice as fast, while 0.5 means half the speed (so twice as slow). The geometric mean at the bottom of the table tells us how much faster or slower a virtual machine was when compared to the main Ruby interpreter, on “average”. Just as with the totals above, only those 101 tests, which were successfully run by each VM, where included in the calculation.

More concisely, here is a bar chart showing the geometric mean of the ratios for the various implementations tested:

Geometric Mean

I prefer to let the data speak for itself, but I’d like to briefly comment on these results. Just a few quick considerations.

Working off of the geometric mean of the ratios for the successful tests, Ruby MRI compiled from source is twice as fast than the Ruby shipped by Ubuntu, and by the One-Click Installer on Vista. The huge performance gap between ./configure && make && sudo make install and sudo apt-get install ruby-full should not be taken lightly when deploying in production. These numbers also reveal what most of us already knew: Ruby is particularly slow on Windows (800-pound gorillas in the room, or not).

Performance-wise Rubinius has more work left to be done to catch up with Ruby 1.8.7 and other faster VMs, particularly if we take into account the number of timeouts. But it has improved in the past year and I think it’s on the right track.

Ruby Enterprise Edition is about as fast as Ruby 1.8.7 compiled from source, which is reasonable considering that it’s a patched version of Ruby 1.8.6 aimed at the reduction of memory consumption (a parameter which wasn’t tested within the current shootout).

Speaking of excellent results, Ruby 1.9.1 and JRuby 1.1.6 both did very well. It looks like we finally have a couple of relatively fast alternatives to what is a slow main interpreter. According to the results above, and with the exception of a few tests, on average they are respectively 2.5 and 2 times faster than Ruby 1.8.7 (from source), and 5 and 4 times faster than Ruby 1.8.7 installed through apt-get on Ubuntu or Ruby 1.8.6 installed through the One-Click installer on Vista. Again, this does not mean than every program (particularly Rails) will gain that kind of speed, but these results are very encouraging nevertheless.

MagLev

There has been a lot of buzz about MagLev since Avi Bryant’s first benchmarks were shown a few months ago. Here we finally see it being put to the test. The table below shows the times obtained by running MagLev and Ruby 1.8.6 (p287) against MagLev’s set of benchmarks based on the old Ruby Benchmark Suite:

MagLev's times

And here are the ratios:

MagLev's ratios

You’ll notice how MagLev swings from being much faster than MRI to being much slower. I believe there is much room for improvement, but at almost twice the speed of MRI, these early results are definitely promising.

MacRuby

These are the times for MacRuby 0.3 on Mac OS X 10.5.5:

MacRuby's times

And of course, the ratios against the MRI baseline:

MacRuby's ratios

MacRuby is relatively new, so these are not bad results. More work is required, but it’s a good start.

IronRuby

Finally (I promise these are the last ones), here are the two tables for IronRuby and Ruby 1.8.6:

IronRuby's times
IronRuby's ratios

IronRuby is slower than Ruby 1.8.6 on Windows, which in turn is much slower than Ruby 1.8.7 on GNU/Linux. This is not very surprising. This project has been focusing on integrating with .NET and catching up with the implementation of the language by improving the RSpec pass rate, as opposed to performing any optimizations and/or fine tuning (as per John Lam’s presentation at RubyConf 2008). We’ll measure its improvements in the next shootouts.

Conclusion

Overall I think these are great results. Ruby 1.8 (MRI), with its slowness and memory leaks, belongs to the past. It’s time for the community to move forward and on to something better and faster – and we don’t lack interesting alternatives to do so at this stage.

I hope that for the next shootout, MagLev, MacRuby and IronRuby will be able to run the benchmark suite, so that they can all be tested and directly compared with each other. I also hope to include Tim Bray’s XML benchmark, some sort of “Pet Shop” sample Rails and Merb application and, above all, include memory usage statistics.

You can find the Excel file for the main shootout here. That’s all for now. Feel free to comment, subscribe to my feed, share this link and promote it on Hacker News, Reddit, DZone, StumbleUpon, Twitter, and Co. Putting together this shootout was a lot of work, so I definitely appreciate you spreading the word about it. Until next time…

Update (December 10, 2008): This article has been updated to correct a couple of major issues with yesterday’s results. I adjusted my commentary as well, in light of the corrected figures.

Update (February 7, 2009): Thanks to Makoto Kuwata, a Japanese version of this article was published in the Rubyist Magazine.

Get more stuff like this

Subscribe to my mailing list to receive similar updates about programming.

Thank you for subscribing. Please check your email to confirm your subscription.

Something went wrong.

40 Comments

  1. lg2046 December 9, 2008
  2. Antonio Cangiano December 9, 2008
  3. Joao Pedrosa December 9, 2008
  4. Charles Oliver Nutter December 9, 2008
  5. khelll December 9, 2008
  6. Sam Aaron December 9, 2008
  7. Isaac Gouy December 9, 2008
  8. Stephen P. Schaefer December 9, 2008
  9. Antonio Cangiano December 9, 2008
  10. Marc December 9, 2008
  11. Antonio Cangiano December 9, 2008
  12. Jochen Bedersdorfer December 9, 2008
  13. Phill December 9, 2008
  14. Jason Seifer December 9, 2008
  15. Moxie December 9, 2008
  16. Lex Sheehan December 9, 2008
  17. grigio December 9, 2008
  18. Yehuda Katz December 9, 2008
  19. Peter Harkins December 9, 2008
  20. José Valim December 9, 2008
  21. Shimon Amit December 10, 2008
  22. Isaac Gouy December 10, 2008
  23. Isaac Gouy December 10, 2008
  24. Isaac Gouy December 10, 2008
  25. Antonio Cangiano December 10, 2008
  26. Arnon December 10, 2008
  27. BlackHand December 11, 2008
  28. Elise December 12, 2008
  29. Balast December 12, 2008
  30. John Yerhot December 12, 2008
  31. tiago nogueira December 12, 2008
  32. roger pack December 13, 2008
  33. roger pack December 13, 2008
  34. Greg Lorriman December 13, 2008
  35. roger pack December 13, 2008
  36. Charles Oliver Nutter December 14, 2008
  37. Thiago Alessio December 19, 2008
  38. Pingback: Ninjamurai » Ruby Performance Benchmarks December 27, 2008
  39. Nicolas Piguet December 28, 2008
  40. Antonio Cangiano December 28, 2008
  41. Pingback: There are many Rubies, but one is faster January 20, 2009
  42. Pingback: {|ihower.idv.tw| blog } | Ruby 1.9.1 ?? January 30, 2009
  43. Pingback: Zef.me › Ruby 1.9.1 out February 1, 2009
  44. Pingback: 23 Useful Ruby 1.9 Links and Resources February 9, 2009
  45. Pingback: 23 links e recursos úteis do Ruby 1.9 February 12, 2009
  46. Joe December 31, 2009
  47. Pingback: Let's Play: JRuby | Anchor Web Hosting Blog February 28, 2013

Leave a Reply

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.